Demonstration Lesson Plans Click Below ! ! :

1. Charcoal Sausage

2.   Burning Water 

3.  Absorption of Heat & Non-Burning Paper Cup

4. The Non-Burning Dollar Bill

5.  Reaction Rates & the "Grain Elevator Explosion"

6. Reaction Rates & the "Light Stick"

Section 1- Chemical
& Physical Changes

Section 2- Chemical
& Physical Properties

Section 3 - Water &
Its Properties

Section 4 - Corrosion

Section 5 - Acids/Bases/In dicators

Section 6 - Gases & Pressure

Bibliography

Appendix 1 -Charts & tables, Disposal of Chemicals, Sources of Chemicals,  Preparations of Acid and Solutions

Appendix 2              Properties of Common Elements, Descriptions of the Elements, Ban Dihydrogen Monoxide

Appendix3 Principles of Education, Prof. Hanko

The Reformed Witness, Rev. Cammenga

COVENANT HOME

CHEMISTRY HOME

       SECTION 1 : CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL CHANGES

"The Charcoal Sausage" or "The Dehydration of Sugar"

Chemical Topic or Concept: -

• Physical and Chemical Changes
• Types of Reactions (Exothermic)

Materials: -

• Two 150 ml beakers, 2 glass stirring rods (optional)
• 100ml of sugar crystals
• 50 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid
• 50 ml of water

Cautions: -

1. Sulfuric Acid fumes are produced and are harmful.
2. This activity should be done outside or in a fume hood.
3. Sulfuric acid is extremely corrosive.

Procedure:

1. Fill each beaker with 50 ml of sugar.

2. Add 50 ml of water to the first beaker and stir.

3. Add 50 ml of the concentrated sulfuric acid to the second       beaker and stir.

4. Wait and make observations.

Questions: What are the differences in the two liquids that combined with the sugar? What are the contents of Beaker # 1? What are the contents of Beaker # 2? Are the contents in each case the same as they were originally? What is the difference in the two processes? In which of the two beakers could we get sugar back again as plain sugar? How can we recognize the difference between physical and chemical changes?

Explanations:

In the first beaker, where the sugar was mixed with water, a physical change took place. The components mixed, but nevertheless, retained their properties. There still was sugar and water in the beaker – no new substances formed. We could separate the mixture back into its original parts with a variety of procedures (filter, distillation (collect the water that boils off) ).

In the second beaker, a chemical change took place in which the sugar and sulfuric acid reacted so that the hydrogen and oxygen atoms that are within the sugar molecule were "pulled" off the carbons, turning the sugar into a column of black carbon and producing water vapor from the hydrogen and oxygen atoms. Fumes of water vapor and sulfuric acid vapor, with a large amount of heat, were produced in this reaction as well. These new products have different properties than the sugar and sulfuric acid had had originally. It is impossible to retain the original sugar and sulfuric acid back from this column of charcoal, so we recognize this as a chemical change.

Reference: Liem, Tik L. Invitation to Science Inquiry. El Cajon, CA: Science Inquiry Enterprises, 1989. P. 135.

The Federation Board of the Protestant Reformed Christian Schools commissioned Joel Minderhoud to develop this Repertoire of Chemical Demonstrations

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